The Relationship between Defense Expenditures and Employment in NATO Member States: Bootstrap Panel Causality Test

In recent years, global tensions, geopolitical risks, political crises, regional conflicts, and wars have played an important role in the increase of defense expenditures countries. The economic effects increased spending become one frequently discussed topics. aim this study is to examine causal relationship between employment rates 18 NATO member To end, were analyzed using Kónya (2006) Bootstrap Panel Causality Test post-Cold War period. According findings from 1991-2018 period, a causality was found 5 countries panel employment, 3 expenditures. Thus, it seems impossible make general inference about